Notes :One of the best common Khoisan items: not only is the Khoe form beautifully deductible from Sandawe as a result of syllable reduction and secondary click formation, but the same root is also found in South Khoisan.
Notes :The Sandawe-Khoe connection is a good example on secondary click formation; the exact status of Bushman and Hadza forms is yet to be determined.
Notes :One of the few examples on possible lateral affricates in Proto-Khoisan. =Hoan šiu has been suggested as a borrowing from |Gwi cáú by H. Honken, but this is rather unlikely, since it corresponds with perfect regularity to North Khoisan *ɡ!̯au, whereas no other examples of |Gwi c- being represented in borrowings by =Hoan š- are available. We are rather dealing with similar, but independent phonetic developments from the same Proto-Khoisan root here.
Notes :A lateral affricate comparison like *ƛV 'water' or *ƛ[a]u 'dig' q.v. =Hoan šiu 'dig' cannot be a borrowing from Central Khoisan, as has been suggested, since final *-ao would have been represented by -eo (cf. =Hoan ʒ́eo 'road', probably < Khoe *dao).
Notes :Note that the root is in complementary distribution with *So id. (South Khoisan, ǂHoan and Sandawe vs. North Khoisan, Kxoe, and Hadza); however, it is currently impossible to reconcile the two forms on a phonetic level.
Notes :Originally the Khoe part of the etymology included *||ʔo 'to die', but if this is really another example of an initial lateral non-click consonant in Proto-Khoisan, a hissing affricate reflex in Khoe would be expected.
Notes :A possible "lateral" etymology, but the connection is notably weak than in the case of "water", "hand", etc. (poorer semantics and the uncertainty of the reconstruction even within Peripheral Khoisan).
Notes :The Bushman and Khoe forms are most probably connected, and genetic relationship here looks more convincing than contact (click influxes do not match between !Xóõ and Khoe, and where they do match /e.g. in North Khoisan/, the rest of the form does not).
Notes :The Bushman parallel is most probably ephemeral (the few forms attested in North Khoisan are easily interpreted as borrowings from Khoe), but the Sandawe-Khoe connection is undeniable.
